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Understanding Harmonics in Variable Frequency Drives: Causes, Models, and Mitigation
This white paper explores the operation of Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs), focusing on how they generate harmonic distortion in power systems. It examines the underlying circuit mechanisms, ideal and non-ideal behaviors, the impact of different converter topologies, and provides mathematical models for harmonic generation. Practical measurements and advanced modeling approaches are presented to illustrate the differences between theoretical predictions and real-world performance.
Key topics include:
- Introduction to Variable Frequency Drives
- VFD Circuit Operation and Pulse Width Modulation
- Harmonic Generation in Ideal 6-Pole Converters
- Non-Idealities and Real-World Measurements
- Higher Order Poles and Harmonic Reduction
- Comparison of Voltage Source and Current Source Inverters
- Advanced Harmonic Modeling and Approximations
Why utilities should care:
Harmonic distortion from VFDs can degrade power quality, impact equipment reliability, and increase operational costs. Understanding the sources and mitigation strategies for harmonics enables better system design, improved efficiency, and compliance with power quality standards.
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